2023 Archive
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Title: IMPACTS OF BUILT-UP EXPANSION ON LAND -USE AND LAND COVER IN BAUCHI METROPOLIS,....pdf Author: Andrew A., Adenle A. A., Ojoye S & Sule, I. Abstract: This research analyzed the impacts of built-up expansion on LULC in Bauchi metropolis, Bauchi state, Nigeria. Specifically, the study examined the LULC change between 1990-2020, and the extent of Built-up expansion between 1990 to 2020. Landsat ETM+ satellite imageries of 1990 and 2010 and Landsat OLI satellite imagery of 2020, were used. The imageries were processed using Arc GIS 10.7. Transition Change Analysis was carried out using IDRISI Selva 17.0 Edition version. The result obtained from the transition analysis revealed that, water bodies contributed about 9.11 sq.km to built surfaces between 1990 and 2010 and additional 5.18 sq.km between 2010 and 2020. Vegetation contributed about 10.91 sq.km between 1990 and 2010 and 29.20 sq.km between 2010 and 2020. Bare surfaces contributed about 9.45 sq.km to built-up surfaces from 1990 to 2010 and another 0.90 sq.km from 2010 to 2020. Rock areas contributed about 9.19 sq.km to built-up between 1990 and 2010 and another 1.06 sq.km from 2010 to 2020. There is need for Bauchi State Government to equip the relevant planning authorities involved in decision making with adequate data to ensure broad based decisions. Keywords: Built-up expansion, LULC, Transition, Bauchi Metropolis. View |
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Title: COMMUNICATION PERCEPTION ON MANAGEMENT OF CONFLICT IN THE FIRST GENERATION....pdf Author: Edafiogho, Oluwatoyin Afolake, Ph.D, Olaolu Bilikisu Oluwakemi & Adenagbe, Olubunmi Adejoke Abstract: Conflict is inevitable in any human society, most especially in a complex environment such as the university. The university system has diverse people of varying interest which could generate distrust and hostility that can hamper effective administration. Today several Nigerian universities are facing one form of conflict or the other due to poor institutional governance. Descriptive survey design of the correlational type was adopted. Multistage sampling procedure was used. Three universities (University of Ibadan, Obafemi Awolowo University and University of Lagos) were selected south western Nigeria using simple random sampling technique. Systematic sampling was used to select three faculties from each university. Simple random technique was used to select four departments within each faculty and seven lecturers in each department. Purposive technique was used to select 63 non-academic staff and 32 students from each university and department respectively. Communication channel (r= 0.78) and conflict management (r=0.79) scales were used. Key informant interview was conducted for six senior academic staff with administrative responsibilities and three students’ representatives. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson product moment correlation and Multiple regression at 0.05 level of significance while the qualitative data was content analysed. Sixty-one percent of non-academic staff was male while 39.39% were female also 69.1% of the students were male while 30.9% were female. The average mean age of non-academic staff was 45± 1.5 years, while that of students was 25± 3.50 years. Communication channel (r=0.43) had significant correlation with conflict management. The senior academic staff and student representatives unanimously agreed that university personnel and students were usually involved in decision making in the universities. Effective feedback mechanisms should be put in place, thereby ensuring that adequate dialogue, cooperation and required communication be allowed to play significant roles when discussing issues of common interest within the university system. Keywords: Communication, Communication channel, Conflict, Conflict Management, University System View |
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Title: POPULATION GROWTH AND FOOD SECURITY IN NIGERIA IS THERE A LINK.pdf Author: Bright O. Ohwofasa (Ph.D), & Moses Ekaruwe (Ph.D) Abstract: The average agriculture output output growth between 2011-2020 which stood at 3.5% against the backdrop of over 2.6% population growth rate accounts for the present food insecurity, hunger and malnutrition in Nigeria. The study examined the impact of population growth on food security in Nigeria with data covering 1986-2020. The study employed two models in which agriculture output was made as a function of population growth rate while in the second model, the impact of population growth and agriculture productivity on economic growth was examined. The Coharane Orcutt iterative method on an ordinary least squared (OLS) was employed. Accordingly, the study found that population growth had significant negative impact on agriculture output. However, the study further found that economic growth is significant and positively responsive to changes in agriculture output and population growth rate in Nigeria. Among other things, the study recommended that government may consider increase in budget allocation to the agriculture sector so as to boast food output. Finally, government may also consider introduction of policy that will encourage small family thereby reducing the country’s population growth rate. Keyword: Food insecurity, Population growth, Economic growth rate, OLS Nigeria. View |
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Title: IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF FEDERAL TAX REVENUE ON INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT THE....pdf Author: Ngaonye, Luke Onyemauche, Okafor, Micah Chukwuemeka, Ekwe, Michael C. & Ngaony, Nnaemeka Kenechukwu Abstract: The study assessed the impact of Federal Tax Revenue on Infrastructure development of Nigeria from 1990 -2022. Infrastructure development was measured by actual capital expenditure while petroleum profit tax, company income tax, information technology tax and value added tax were used as proxies for federal tax revenue. The Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test result was performed to determine the stationarity of the data while exploratory ex-post facto used for research design. Collected data were analyzed using error correction mechanism and E-views 9.0 software. Findings from the F-statistic indicated that PPT, VAT, CIT and ITT have significant and positive impact on infrastructure development of Nigeria. Conversely, T-statistic results suggested that ITT has insignificant impact on IFD while CIT has negative and insignificant impact on infrastructure development of Nigeria. The study among other things recommends that concerted efforts be made to increase and sustain tax revenue generation for improved infrastructural facilities development in Nigeria. Keywords: Federal Tax revenue, Infrastructure development, Nigeria perspective View |
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Title: JOURNALISTS KNOWLEDGE AND UTILISATION OF THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION (FOI) ACT....pdf Author: Okechukwu C. Onuegbu, Ogonna W. Anunike, (Ph.D) Abstract: The study was conducted to ascertain the level of journalists in South East, Nigeria knowledge of the Freedom of Information (FOI) Act. It was a survey research with questionnaire as instrument for data collection. A sample size of 300 was selected from the 1, 555 study population, following recommendation of Comrey and Lee’s (1992). The study objectives were to ascertain if journalists in the South East Nigeria are aware of existence of FOI Act; extent the journalists have accessed information from public institutions in line with FOI Act; the level of compliance of public institutions in granting the journalists access to information requested in-line with the FOI Act; and reactions of the journalists when the public institutions denied them access to information. It employed the Knowledge Attitude and Practise (KAP) Model. The findings showed that journalists in the zone are aware of the FOI Act but public institutions are not fully complying to the provisions of the Act in releasing information to them. It was concluded that the usage of the FOI Act in the South East Nigeria was poor due to ignorance of its applications. The study recommended increased sensitizations of the populace on the Act. Keywords: Awareness, Freedom of Information Act, Knowledge, Nigeria, South East, Utilization. View |
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Title: OIL AND GAS SECTOR GOVERNANCE AND HUMAN SECURITY IN THE NIGER DELTA.pdf Author: Achubie C. Remigius, Nwaneri I. Stanley & Philip, I. Imokhai Abstract: In every productive process, regulatory provisions are put in place to ensure best practices, quality and sustainability. In the exploitation of oil resources in Nigeria, the political will required in enforcing institutionalized rules for optimal output is lacking. As such what obtains is operational negligence and corruption leading to oil theft, harmful gas emission, recurring oil spillage and environmental pollution. The study adopted the Frustration-Aggression theory to explain and predict the variables. Exploratory research technique was employed and content analysis of secondary data was done. Findings revealed that while the Niger Delta oil producing areas suffer the consequences of poor regulatory enforcement, oil companies and opportunistic groups continue in self-aggrandizing exploitation, resulting in pervasive poverty, frustration, militancy and other security challenges in the region. The paper recommended reengineering of the oil and gas sector regulatory framework to ensure transparency, accountability and effective enforcement strategy for environmental sustainability, optimal output, and inclusive growth. Keywords: Governance, Human Security, Oil Spillage, Gas Flaring, Regulatory framework. View |
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Title: EVALUATION OF MEN’S FAMILY PLANNING BEHAVIORAL APPROACHES TO FERTILITY AND....pdf Author: Oyeyinka E. O, Dakyes S.P.And Akanbi O. A. Abstract: Men’s family planning approval could reduce reproductive health burden and improve maternal health to produce healthy children. Men’s family planning intervention can prevent STDs pains and improve family health and happiness. Therefore the aim of the study is to analyze spectrum of men’s family planning intervention on fertility and population control in the study area between 2017 and 2022. The design was a descriptive survey of men’s FP behavioral approaches by using two stage sampling technique and systematic sampling technique to administer questionnaires among 382 household heads of age 15 to 59 years that were registered through immunization. A Kruska-Wallis H-test was used to assess differences in effects of men’s family planning on fertility. Result showed that there is difference in effects of men’s family planning intervention on fertility; H computed =14.67, 18.435 and 15.458 are greater than the H critical = 2.37 and P- value = 0.001, 0000 and 0.000 are less than the level of significance = 0.05 at 2 degree of freedom. The major hindrance to the adoption is wrong decision making because of culture and religious belief of household heads. Men’s involvement in the practice is germane to achieve population control goals. Recommendation is formation of an NGO, Men-Health Clamant for men’s health up keep, teleconferencing and online medical consultancy for family planning use mobilization for childbearing and wellbeing. KEY WORDS: Maternal health, approval, online medical consultancy, intervention, childbearing and well-being, mobilization. View |
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Title: SOCIAL MEDIA AND SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR AMONG UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF IMO....pdf Author: U.R. Okolie, (Ph.D) & U.F. Orji, (Ph.D) Abstract: The study was on influence of social media on sexual behaviour of students of Imo state polytechnic, Omuma. The objectives of this study were to find out the level of exposure to social media among students’ of Imo State Polytechnic; examine the perception of Imo State Polytechnic students’ on their use of social media in their daily activities and find out the influence of social media on the sexual behaviour of Imo State Polytechnic students. The survey research approach was used to sample the opinion of 361 valid students from the selected departments in Imo State Polytechnic Omuma. It was the opinion expressed by these students that gave rise to the results and findings, on the influence of social media on the sexual behaviour of students in Imo State Polytechnic Omuma. Findings revealed that: There is a high level exposure to social media among students’ in Imo State Polytechnic Omuma; the extent to which students use social media in their daily activities is between 2 and 3 hours; the respondents’ perceived social media as being capable to engrossed them into sexual issues, lure them into sexual relationship as well as improve their knowledge on sex education; the use of social media influenced sexual behaviour of students’ in Imo State Polytechnic Omuma. This is because, the respondents agreed that social content aroused their sexual urge, make them into sexual activities and helped them adopt sex education practices. Therefore, it was recommended that ; Social media should be used to convey sex education messages among the youths considering the fact that our youths today depend on them for information and sharing of ideas, sex education should be incorporated into secondary school curriculum, since social networking media content are dominated by sex content; parents, guardians and teachers should monitor the messages students share with one another on the social media to be able to guide and advise them properly. Keywords: Exposure, Social Media, Sexual behaviour, influence. View |
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Title: APPRAISING THE LEVEL OF RESOURCES PROVISION AND MOBILISATION....pdf Author: Olugbero, Smart Odunayo, (Ph.D) Abstract: Nigeria has not achieved acceptable literacy level, thus, necessitated, the implementation of literacy programme for acquisition of the basic language skills of reading, writing, listening and speaking which are the global targets of literacy programmes. Descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The population of the study comprised, facilitators of literacy programme in South West, Nigeria. The sample size of the study was One hundred and eighty (180) respondents, selected through a simple random sampling technique. Fifteen (15) respondents were selected from two centers with high numerical strength of facilitators and clientele from the six states in Southwest, Nigeria. (Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo, Ekiti and Lagos). Self-developed research instruments by the researchers, titled, “Rating scale on Appraising the level of Resources Provision and Mobilisation on Language Curriculum Implementation of Literacy Programme in Southwest, Nigeria.” It was fashioned on four Likert rating scale; Strongly Agreed (SA), Agreed (A), Disagreed (D) and Strongly Disagreed (SD). The research instrument was validated by an expert in test and measurement, while its reliability was determined, through test-retest method at an interval of two weeks. 0.64 coefficient reliability was obtained. The findings of the study revealed that there were adequate provision and mobilisation of resources (human and non-human) for the teaching and learning of language skills. Based on the conclusions, recommendations were made that more resources should be provided and mobilised for the teaching of language skills. Also, human resources (personnel) employed to teach language skills should be professionals, and so on. Keywords: Resources, Provision, Mobilization, Curriculum, Literacy programme. View |
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Title: INVESTIGATION OF CORROSION INHIBITION MECHANISM OF MUSA PARADISCA....pdf Author: Akoma, Chigozie S. & Adindu, Ruth U. Abstract: Corrosion inhibition of mild steel - a certified material used in production of crown cork of carbonated drink solution was investigated using musa paradisiaca. This was done by the method of gravimetric technique in which two extraction methods of ethanol extraction and reflux method were adopted. The work was also subjected to scanning electron microscopy imaging test. The gravimetric studies were carried out at the temperatures of – 3oC, 5oC and 25oC which correspond to the temperatures of the freezer, fridge and the ambient temperature corresponding to the environments where the carbonated drinks are kept. MP showed inhibition efficiency of 68% and 61.4% respectively for Sprite extract and ethanol extract at – 3oC, 63% and 59% respectively for Sprite extract and ethanol extract at 5oC and 50% and 49.2% respectively for Sprite extract and ethanol extract at 25oC after 1008 hours of immersion. All these values show that inhibitor extracted by refluxing Sprite yielded better values of inhibition efficiencies in comparison with ethanol extraction method. View |
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Title: Resort Development and Host Communitiy; A Study of Selected Communities in Khana Local Government Area, Rivers State.pdf Author: Uboegbulam, Gideon Chukwunwem (Ph.D) & Ezeama, Adaora Peace Abstract: This study sought to examine the impact of resort development on host communities in Khana local government area of Rivers state Nigeria. Specifically, the study examines the impact of resort development from the three lenses of sustainability as detailed by United Nations (2015) which include economic, socio-cultural and environmental sustainability. Thus, the study was guided by three hypotheses which were tested with correlation and regression statistical techniques using the survey data administered to 323 respondents comprising local residents, community leaders, as well as management staff of resort destinations in Khana LGA; using accidental and purposeful sampling technique. The findings of the study as demonstrated by the result of hypotheses testing revealed that resort development has strong positive impact on economic sustainability of the host communities to the tune of 77.3%. It was also revealed to have a moderately low positive impact on socio-cultural sustainability of the host communities; while on the other hand, resort development had a very low positive impact on environmental sustainability to the tune of 16.6%. Consequently it was concluded that though resort development engender economic and socio-cultural benefits to the host communities, its impact on environmental sustenance is still very low in the local communities. Thus amongst other recommendations, the study advocate for strategic partnership between private investors, government and host communities in the designing a blue print for resort development that would harness the economic, socio-cultural and environmental benefits to all stakeholder; with adequate consideration on the host communities and local residents. Keywords: Resort Development, Economic sustainability, Socio-cultural sustainability, Environmental sustainability, Host communities. View |
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Title: RE-ENGINEERING TEACHING IN TEACHER EDUCATION-THE DIGITAL OPTION IN NIGERIA.pdf Author: Ephraim Wordu (Ph.D) & Patience Emesiobi O. (Ph.D) Abstract: Teaching has as its main goal producing learning. This paper opined that the problem of teaching in teacher education in Nigeria is the use of ineffective tools such as the lecture method, and argued that the solution lies in re-engineering teaching through integration of digital learning. In the digital method/approach, the teacher uses a wider variety of materials (text and non-text), out of class activities to complement classroom work, set the scene and engages learners in challenging activities. This approach affords learners broad-based opportunity for learning through such strategies as advanced organizer, guided design, problem-based education, Keller’s tutorial systems of instruction among others. Learners contribute to classroom organization, initiate activities, take notes in an analytical manner, and challenge the teacher’s opinion. Keywords: Teaching, Teacher Education, Analog, Digital Learning. View |
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Title: Facility Management Strategies and Socio-Economic Development....pdf Author: Ikugbe Cyril E., Banjo Adeolu V. & Hassan Shehu T. Abstract: This study looks at the relationship between facility management tactics and how they affect socioeconomic growth in the context of polytechnics in Ogun State, Nigeria. The goal of the study is to comprehend how facility management practices affect numerous aspects of socioeconomic growth, such as productivity, resource efficiency, sustainability, and general well-being in academic institutions. The research combines facility managements strategic planning, upkeep, and adaptability to evaluate how well they contribute to social advancement, environmental preservation, and economic growth. The study uses a mixed-methods technique to collect information about the existing facilities management practices in a few polytechnics in Ogun State by combining surveys, interviews, and data analysis. This study aims to offer useful insights for both academic and practical stakeholders by investigating the relationship between efficient facility management practices and the results of socioeconomic development. The findings may have consequences for regional policy decisions at a larger scale and will likely highlight the critical relationship between strategic facility management and good socioeconomic growth inside educational institutions. Keywords: Facility Management, Socio-Economic Development, Productivity, Resource Efficiency, Strategic Planning, Maintenance, Adaptation. View |
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Title: EFFECT OF OIL AND NON-OIL EXPORTS ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA-AN ARDL APPROACH.pdf Author: Oladosu, Isaac Olubiyi; Ibeinmo, Friday Cookey (Ph.D) & Lasisi, Olapade Kehinde Abstract: This study examines the effect of oil and non-oil exports on economic growth in Nigeria, covering a period of thirty-three years i.e. from 1990 to 2022. The research was based on the Two-Gap Model. The research utilised time series data obtained from the statistics bulletin of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN). The data analysis methods utilised included the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) statistic, the Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) technique, and the Error Correction Model. The major finding of the research is that oil exports have a significant and positive effect on the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in both the short and long run. Likewise, non-oil exports have a positive and significant impact on GDP, both in the short and long run. Nevertheless, the exchange rate has a significantly negative impact on GDP in both short and long run. The study concluded that both oil and non-oil exports have a positive and significant influence on the growth of the Nigerian economy. The study recommended among others that the Nigerian government should diversify its range of products, simplify the export procedures and strengthen Nigerian businesses in order to increase the percentage of non-oil exports in the total Nigerian export volume for increased economic growth. Keywords: Oil Export, Non-Oil Export, Exchange Rate, Economic Growth, Gross Domestic Product. View |
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Title: Government Resettlement Programme and Sustainability of Displaced Bakassi Indigenes.pdf Author: Achubie Chinedu Remigius, Nwaneri Ikechukwu Stanley & Ogbuehi Ngozi Caroline Abstract: The Green Tree Agreement between Nigeria and Cameroon is strategic in ensuring a hitch-free ceding of Bakassi Peninula to Cameroon, promoting peace and in enhancing security between both countries. However, it is argued that in preventing interstate conflict, the issues of human sustainability of the people remain a lingering dilemma. The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of government resettlement programme on the sustainability of the displaced Bakassi indigenes. The paper adopted the relative deprivation theory to explain and predict the variables. The qualitative descriptive method involving content analysis of documentary information was adopted. Findings revealed that, resulting from the handing over of the peninsula to Cameroon, existential challenges bordering on socioeconomic sustainability crisis emanated from poor implementation of the resettlement programme. The paper recommended that government should revisit the issue of proper resettlement of the displaced Bakassi indigenes, by reengineering a workable blue-print regarding policy implementation timelines and political will for effective and adequate resettlement. Keywords: Bakassi, Displaced, Governance, Resettlement, Sustainability. View |
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Title: THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPIRITUAL GIFTS IN ANGLICAN DIOCESE OF NIGER DELTA NORTH.pdf Author: Kingsley Ogbonda, Prof. Protus O. Kemdirim & Metong Eustace Amakiri (PhD) Abstract: The need for the documentation of the development and growth of spiritual gifts (1 Corinthians 12:7-11) in the Diocese of Niger Delta North has become essential to equip the church leaders. Bishop Samuel Onyeukwu Elenwo laid the foundation for the understanding and the manifestation of the gifts in the Diocese; Archbishop Ignatius Kattey created more platforms for its operation; while Bishop Wisdom Ihunwo has continued in the footsteps of his predecessors. Furthermore, other instruments of evangelization such as The Great Anglican Team, Sunday School Ministry and Scripture Union played prominent role in the development of Spiritual gifts in the Diocese. It is therefore recommended that the Diocese should document the history of the development of Spiritual gifts and place them in her library, strengthen institutions that encourage the ministry of the Spiritual gifts, consciously organize regular seminars and conferences on Spiritual gifts. Lastly, the diocese should identify those so gifted to teach and impart the gifts and motivate them to function. Keywords: Development, Spiritual gifts, Niger Delta North Diocese. View |
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Title: Public Perception of the Influence of Polio Awareness Campaign on the Knowledge, Attitude and Practices....pdf Author: Okolie, Uloma Rosemary. (Ph.D) & Orji, Uchenna Franklin (Ph.D) Abstract: This study examined the public perception of the influence of polio awareness campaign on the knowledge, attitude and practices of residents of Ohaji/Egbema. The study was anchored on the Health Belief Model (a psychological model that attempts to explain and predict health behaviours. This is done by focusing on the attitudes and beliefs of individuals). The study adopted the survey research design using survey and in-depth interview methods. The population of the study was 253,910 residents in Ohaji/Egbema. The Australian online sample size calculator was used to arrive at a sample size of 385 respondents for the study. The cluster and judgmental sampling techniques were adopted for the study. Questionnaire was the instrument for data collection. Findings indicated that though, respondents’ own radio and television sets both at home and at place of work which they regularly listen to, they rarely or never receive information on poliomyelitis. However, findings showed that respondents are well aware of polio and are well knowledgeable about polio. To this end, findings indicated that their knowledge of polio has had a positive effect on their attitude and practices with regards to poliomyelitis. Based on these findings, the study concluded that in some cases, to get the populace to react in a certain way is not necessarily a function of awareness campaigns. There seems to be a sense of duty in every human that swings into action at the break of epidemic like poliomyelitis. Given that respondents’ knowledge of poliomyelitis is significantly related to their attitudes and practices towards eradication of the virus, the study recommended that a trend as such as the one in polio eradication has seen people come together for a common good should be adopted in combating future epidemic. Key words: Awareness, Attitude, Campaign, influence, Perception, Polio, View |
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Title: Environmental Sustainability Reporting and Growth of Firms in Nigeria (2010-2020).pdf Author: Kalu, Edith Okpo & Uchegbu, Basil Chibueze. (Ph.D) Abstract: The study examined environmental sustainability reporting and growth of firms in Nigeria from 2010 to 2021. Environmental sustainability reporting was proxied with effluent and waste, biodiversity and emission while growth is represented with turnover. In order to guide the study, three objectives were formulated based on the three proxies of environmental sustainability reporting which led to researched questions and research hypotheses. A sample of three breweries in the consumer sector quoted on the Nigerian stock exchange were selected based on judgmental sampling technique employed by the researcher and using secondary data sourced from online annual financial report of the sampled breweries for the period under reviewed. The content analysis the collection of the panel data, descriptive statistics summarize the data, the correlation matrix was used to ascertain the relationship between the variables, hausman test employed to select the appropriate model between fixed and random effect and panel least square regression-random effect was used to test the hypotheses. The result of the regression revealed that effluent and waste and emissions has no effect on the turnover of firms in Nigeria while biodiversity was found to have positive and significant effect on turnover of firms in Nigeria Based on the result, the study concluded that environmental sustainability reporting has no significant effect on growth of firms in Nigeria and thereby recommended that firms in Nigeria should increase their reporting on biodiversity. Keywords: Environmental, Sustainability, Reporting, Biodiversity, Emissions View |
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Title: Effective Decision Making And Attainment Of Organizational Goal.pdf Author: Ejeka, A. U. (Ph. D), Barr. Elegalam K. O. & Dr. (Mrs) Chinweoke Maria C. N. Abstract: One of the vital functions of manager is decision-making. Decision making which is simply put as selecting a course of action from a set of alternatives, enable organizations realize their potential, get rid of gross inefficiency, usher in improve service quality, reinforce capacity, good governance, accountability and efficient expenditure management. Decision-making also help maintain managerial effectiveness by serving as guide for future activities. The need for effective decisionmaking arises in business as a result of many problems and alternative course of action that stairs at the face of business executive/managers. The aim of this paper, therefore, is to undertake an assessment of the critical areas of business that requires effective decision-making. Theoretical framework is used in analyzing effective decision-making process to achieve organizational goals. Key words: Conceptual, Process, Approaches and Conditions to Decision-Making View |